Pueblo Revolt of 1680

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Pope's Rebellion, was the rebellion of the Pueblo people toward the Spaniards. The Pueblo people were lead by a medicine man named Pope. (A medicine man is â€Å"a man believed to be able to heal others by making use of supernatural powers, especially among Native North American peoples. †) Pope belonged to the Tewa tribe. He was originally from San Juan but was forced to take refuge in Taos because it became too dangerous for him to stay.Pope’s objective was to restore the tradition of Pueblo religion and culture. August 1680 Pope held a meeting with some Pueblo Indians to go over the details of their plan. The plan was to eliminate all Spanish influences. He also declared that everything that had to do with Christianity had to be either broken or burned. This included pictures of holy Christ, the Virgin Mary, crosses, ECT.The plan was to take place on August 11, 1680 but someone told of their plans so Pope decided to start the revolt a day early, August 10. On August 24 the Spaniards had lost the war. About four-hundred people were killed. The Pueblo people’s uprising was a success. In celebration they destroyed Spanish buildings and burned their churches. Within the next ten years the Pueblo people returned to their homes and continued their traditional way of life.Most of the Spanish that was in New Mexico moved to El Paso. In 1690 Pope (means â€Å"Ripe Pumpkin†) died. In 1691 a new governor was appointed, General Don Diego de Vargas. He led the victory over the Pueblo people and reappointed Spanish authority. In the 1692 General Don Diego de Vargas inscribed on a rock â€Å"Here was the General Don Diego de Vargas, who conquered for our Holy Faith, and for the Royal Crown, all the New Mexico, at his expense, Year of 1692†³

Ducati Case Study Essay

Introduction: Being a motorcycle company that produces high performance, highly successful racing motorcycles, as well as motorcycles for the commercial market, has proven to be a winning strategy for Ducati. This case focuses on Ducati Corse, a subsidiary of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. that manages racing teams, bike development, promotions, and sponsorship areas of the company. Ducati Corse is a relatively small organization that encourages cross-departmental integration with its internal teams to achieve the best motorcycle design and racing outcomes as possible. Ducati started racing in the new MotoGP Circuit during the 2003 race season. With unexpected positive racing results, Ducati took the data collected from the 2003 racing season and changed too many aspects of the bike in 2004. The 2004 racing season proved to be far worse partially because Ducati failed to test all changes made. Looking forward to the 2005 season, Ducati is debating whether to switch to a modular design for their racing motorcycle that would, over time, lead to grander designs for Ducati. Discovery: Question 1: What is the organization trying to achieve? Ducati is after a competitive advantage, via learnings from previous races, which has produced a new product design process that will allow modularity of their racing motorcycle. With success on-track, Ducati believes they can achieve increased commercial sales through a popularity increase, which comes from the surge of interest following a winning race or season. Ducati engineers collect and use enormous amounts data from previous races and tests along with rider feedback to build a winning combination of bike attributes that are specifically tuned to the nuances of the ride. Question 2: How would you describe their operating environment? The Ducati operating environment is informal and small when compared to competitors. With most departments under one roof, the company has a siloed feel to it. Ducati has hired top graduates, who have an intense passion for motorcycles. Ducati encompasses three main principles: a data-driven approach to problem  solving, a clear priority in solving problems, and frequent face-to-face communication. The importance of face-to-face communication cannot be underestimated and Ducati Corse, being a small operation, can seize the advantage of having a small floor plan, more direct personal relationships, and close geography to push operations that are more efficient. Question 3: Who are their customers and how does this affect their decision? Ducati’s customers are in-market, sport motorcycle enthusiasts looking for a high performance bike. They also have customers, likely race fans, who may one day consider a Ducati for purchase, but may not necessarily be in the market for one now. Customer-wise, Ducati has a primary focus on the Western European and North American markets. If Ducati can win on the track, marketing has additional opportunities for promotion via traditional and non-traditional media. It is crucial that Ducati performs well on-track to give customers additional assurance and confidence when applying purchase rationale that they are buying a high performance machine. Question 4: What at this point is the current dilemma? The current dilemma is whether or not to take a modular approach to their GP5 design for the 2005 race season. In the past two years, they applied an integrated design approach, which had made small design changes very expensive, but resulted in high performance. This pushes Ducati Corse to evaluate the risk of taking a modular approach, which offers ease of manufacturing and the ability to change one aspect of the bike at a time, but could result in a compromise of performance. Development: Question 1: What accounts for Ducati’s success? The perceived performance of the street bikes was positively influenced by successes on the track, which was intimately intertwined with sales. The two played well together because Ducati realized increased off track sales as they continued to win on track. Ducati’s success was a combination of Ducati engineers’ passion for their work, their detailed attention to the design process, and a well-defined, developed method called the â€Å"Ducati Method.† The â€Å"Ducati Method† helped lead to modular design via extensive  use of CAD and simulation technology to optimize the design before physically developing the components followed by intense testing to validate the design. Question 2: How did Ducati use data? Processing, interpreting, and using real-time data is a complex task which the Ducati engineers employed with the help of other departments. They utilized rider feedback from the races, videos of each race, track tests, data on race performance, and functional data acquired by on-bike sensors. Ducati used the data from the track to identify problems that could not be detected in simulation. This type of data is excellent for measuring relative performance, evaluating structural stress loads, drivetrain torque, and system temperatures. However, it can be greatly influenced by the driver and environmental conditions. Data of this volume proved difficult to sift through, and additional staffers were hired to tackle it for the 2004 season. Question 3: What is your assessment of their approach? We feel that Ducati’s approach was ineffective due to the lack of a structured plan with clear priorities. Ducati Corse tried to solve more problems than they were able, which seemed to result in missed opportunities even though each team member was hungry for success. They were overconfident with the positive results of the 2003 season, and that proved faulty for 2004. Ducati did not give themselves enough time to test everything and should have researched why they performed so well in 2003. Their decision to make big changes to GP3 in order to make GP4, despite initial success of GP3, is not comprehensible. The company should have taken an incremental approach to design changes to improve the design. Question 4: What options do they have to improve the performance in both the short and long term given their capabilities? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these options? In the short term, the company can continue to do parallel testing and make incremental changes to the design rather than making big changes. The strength in this is that improvements would be progressive in nature, but the downfall could be that you cannot always  predict or assure riders’ confidence levels and it would not simplify the design process. In the long term, they should continue with the modular design development. They cannot effectively pull off an entirely new modular design in-between seasons. The strength in this is that calculated steps toward better performance will more so guarantee movement in the right direction. Since this would be a new, large-scale design approach, it would require more testing, analysis, and validation before it could be successfully implemented. Question 5: Should they go to a modular approach†¦what should they do? The modular approach is a positive change for Ducati. With it, they have the opportunity to build a greater amount of flexibility in the engineering framework in order to provide higher results on track. This change would allow them to more easily make greater strides in performance with less effort and effect on other systems – all of which could translate to higher off track sales. Deployment: Question 1: What do you want to do? Ducati should strive to accomplish a modular design for the 2005 racing season, while working on evolutionary improvements to the current bikes as a backup plan. Ducati might want to consider re-weighting the importance of data that delivered via the riders during the race season. Perhaps focus their feedback on ergonomic features of the bike, while taking hard data from engine and subsystems to measure the performance of the bike. This will help to fine tune the changes and deliver an increased amount of on-track victories moving forward. Finally, we would need to consider the design options from commercial standpoint and will only support those design changes that can be implemented in commercial bikes. Question 2: What will it take and what approaches, tools and techniques will help? Leaving enough time to analyze the data from the current and previous racing seasons will help Ducati to use the information to the best of their ability. Improvement of this nature will take many calculated improvements. The continued use of concurrent engineering and computer-aided design will help Ducati to stay on top of technological changes in the marketplace. The use of classic engineering tools: team structure, design reviews, effective  accelerated testing, careful planning, utilize Plan Do Check Adjust and lean the problem solving. Also, more component level testing needs to be done before full system level testing is done because the eventual use of the models will be in the commercial motorcycle industry. Thus, the engineering team should collaborate with manufacturing and follow the concurrent engineering model. Question 3: How will this impact decision making, product development, and operating structure? Switching to a modular design will help Ducati in their decision making process by focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each individual change as opposed to many all at once. The modular design will allow for smaller development teams which can work more independently and possibly even have competing teams develop variants of a given component. The product development process will become more integrated company-wide even though the product itself will be less integrated and more modular. The operating structure of the Ducati environment will effectively remain the same. Debrief: Question 1: What can you take away from this case study? There are a few overall takeaways with this case. First, effective communication done with respect is of utmost importance to effective engineering operation. Second, the need to use tools, systems, along with human feedback, provides a balance of the use of human and mechanically collected data and is most beneficial when analyzing an operation. Finally, a proper root cause analysis of any problem must be done before designing a solution. Question 2: What can you take away from the decision making approach? Ducati benefited from taking a step back and altering their approach, moving from integrated to modular design. It is not easy to be without a robust design, or a product that can function over a broad range of conditions, but Ducati kept their organization flexible enough to be able to do so quickly and have it based on real-time results. Management is making decisions and changing approaches based on learnings from past mistakes and what competitors are  doing, which will only serve to enhance their product offerings in the future. Summary: Ducati was already a successful company before taking the brave step of altering a process that had been in place for years. They had always brought in top talent, with the passion to make the company a force on the track and extremely desirable to consumers off the track. It was time to take the company to the next level and deliver consistent results on track. The engineering approach and internal collaboration led to a modular design and a more flexible approach. This renewed way of design and manufacturing is a sign that Ducati will be successful for years to come not only because they can change, but because they have the leadership and personnel who are willing to take risks and put the company ahead of any personal interests.

Bill of Rights

In the effort to ratify the Constitution from 1787 to 1788, the Federal father pledged to the state, so the Bill of Rights represents the oath of the United States of America. Many countries have created several conditions for ratification; amendment adjuncts compared to the central government can guarantee that citizens are protected like human rights security measures Integration is a way of protecting these countries It is a means of fundamental command of the people, they themselves are shocked by the center The English Bill of Rights was founded in 1689, the American Bill of Rights was founded in 1789. After a long absence, the American Bill of Rights was influenced by Britain. Let's start with the British Rights Banquet, which was created after the glorious revolution that overturned the King of James II and replaced him with his daughter Mary and her husband, William Orange. The English Bill of Rights in the UK was written by the Special Council and stated the mistake of King James 1, including the permission of free elections, the arrest of peaceful protesters, the application of cruel punishment. The bill also limits the official authority including the right to claim the king, the right to carry weapons, the free election of parliamentarians, freedom of speech by parliamentarians, and any ban on the establishment of the Catholic Church. A church The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet Gen eral Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet. In 1689 the Bill of Rights was complemented in England by the Settlement Act of 1701, in Scotland, claims were supplemented by Union Act 1707. The Bill of Rights and the Claims Act seriously contribute to the establishment of the UK. The advantage of Congress, and the reduction of the right of monarchy. They solved the political and religious confusion that impacted Scotland, UK, Ireland mainly in the 17th century. Two main reasons for the legislation and claim right to establish British Constitution Bill of rights The government has moral obligations to serve people and protect their rights, freedom and wealth.The Constitution was enacted to establish a more powerful central government to protect people's rights.The author of the Convention Although it aims at securing the safety of citizen's rights, most modifications are applied to daily life but can not be realized.Right and revision IV protect citizens from unfair search and seizure I will. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to our Constitution. The Bill of Rights guarantees certain rights of citizens. These rights include freedom of speech and religion, the right to have weapons, the right to put soldiers at home, and the right to search unfairly. The Bill of Rights limits the power of our government. Therefore, these two documents limit what the government can do. What is the similarity between Magna Carta and Bill of rights? Is there another piece of paper considered to be a two-dimensional object or a three-dimensional object? The UK Human Rights Act and the Bill of Rights have similarities and differences. Both documents guarantee citizen's specific freedom. In our Bill of Rights, some of the rights of citizens, such as freedom of speech and religion, the right to possess weapons, the right to arrange soldiers at home, and rights are guaranteed. To avoid unfair search by the government. These are individual rights The UK Bill of Rights is a legislation that protects specific rights of British citizens from the influence of the king. Subsequently, the Bill of Rights was added to Solution in 1701. Both of these bills help to establish Congress 'sovereignty, give absolute sovereignty to Congress' parliament, and become the best right among all other government agencies. The Bill of Rights also reduced many of the powers of kingdom power. Indeed, the US Bill of Rights is based on the British Rights Bibliography. Bill of Rights In 1791, the Bill of Rights including 10 amendments was approved as a constitution. The purpose of this document is to clarify freedom of those who can not infringe by the government. Many think that this will be necessary, and the Bill of Rights is responsible for two different factions, intense debate among federalists and anti-Federalists. Federalists think that a new alliance should be established by a strong central government and individual local governments. Definition of the English Bill of Rights in 1689 The meaning and definition of the English Bill of Rights in Britain: The English Bill of Rights in 1689 was a British law, passed by the British Parliament in 1689 and declared people's rights and freedoms. After James II was defeated in 1688, William and Mary inherited the 1688 glory revolution. Â ¿ Parliamentary elections and free elections frequently held in 1/2 parliament - Freedom of speech should be enjoyed in Congress - We should not propose troops at peace - we can not collect tax without the authority of Congress - More fine, cruel and unusual punishment The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet General Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet. Bill of Rights In 1791, the Bill of Rights including 10 amendments was approved as a constitution. The purpose of this document is to clarify freedom of those who can not infringe by the government. Many think that this will be necessary, and the Bill of Rights is responsible for two different factions, intense debate among federalists and anti-Federalists. Federalists think that a new alliance should be established by a strong central government and individual local governments. Definition of the English Bill of Rights in 1689 The meaning and definition of the English Bill of Rights in Britain: The English Bill of Rights in 1689 was a British law, passed by the British Parliament in 1689 and declared people's rights and freedoms. After James II was defeated in 1688, William and Mary inherited the 1688 glory revolution. Â ¿ Parliamentary elections and free elections frequently held in 1/2 parliament - Freedom of speech should be enjoyed in Congress - We should not propose troops at peace - we can not collect tax without the authority of Congress - More fine, cruel and unusual punishment The British Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights in 1689 provides ordinary parliament, free elections, rules of freedom of speech in parliament, and restrictions on the power of the monarch. Unlike most other European countries (like the 1688 glory revolution) it guarantees that the royal absolute doctrine will not beat. 1707: The first British parliament was formed under federal law 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Scottish Kingdom. From 1721 to 1842, Robert Walpole was regarded as the first prime minister of the UK, served as the chairman of the Cabinet General Assembly, appointed all other ministers, and formulated the theory of unification of the cabinet.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Activity Based Management on the Exama Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Activity Based Management on the Example of Profitability of Galvanized Pallet Nails - Essay Example The cost was $420000 and cost driver volume of $110000. The cost per driver was (420000/110000) = 3.82. The units consumed 2817 hence the total cost apportioned was (3.82*2817) = 10755.82. Depreciation galvanizer was a cost pool with ton galvanized as the cost driver. The cost pool was $623000, the cost driver volume 45000. The cost per driver volume (623000/45000) = 13.84. The units consumed were 2817. Cost apportioned (13.84*2817) = 38999.8 Depreciation of heading and threading cost pool had the cost of $57500 with a cost driver volume of 2817. The cost per volume was ($57500/2817) = 20.41. The number of units consumed is 2817. The total cost apportioned (20.41*2817) = 57500. The material handling had a number of moves as the cost driver. The cost incurred was $350000 and cost volume of 4500. The cost per driver volume (350000/4500) = 77.78. The units consumed was 21 leading to the total cost amounting to (77.78*21) = 1633.33. Dies retooling was cost pool that had tool shops hours cost driver. The cost incurred was $382000 with cost volume of 3300. The cost per volume (382000/3300) = 115.76. The numbers of units consumed were 13. The total cost apportioned was (115.76*13) = 1504.85. Wire drawing changeovers had a number of changeovers cost drivers. The cost was $272000 with 700 cost driver volume. The cost per driver volume was ($272000/700) = 388.57. The units consumed were 2 leading to a total cost apportioned to be (388.57*2) = 777.14. A quality inspection had the number of inspections as the cost driver. The cost of inspection incurred was $420000 with a cost driver volume of 1000. The cost per driver was computed as (420000/1000) = 420. The units consumed were 4 hence the total cost apportioned was (420*4) = 1680. Order processing had the number of orders as the cost driver. The cost incurred was $143000 with cost volume of 3000. The cost per driver was (143000/3000) = 47.67.  

Corporate Strategy Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Strategy Master - Assignment Example By July 2008 as a consequence, major banks and other financial institutions around the world had reported losses reaching $435 billion. The problem on sub-prime mortgages was exacerbated by the steady depreciation of the US dollar, whose value against the euro, for example, crossed the $1.48 threshold in November 2007 to settle at $1.50 (Phillips, 2007). While the US Federal Reserve showed no intention of intervening to strengthen the dollar, banks stopped issuing covered bonds and the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) hit a premium for treasury bills not seen since the dark days of the first oil crisis in 1987. The continued weakening of the US currency gave banks and financial institutions little incentive to sell dollars, completing the scenario for rising global inflation. Such a climate of uncertainty in the global economy, specifically in the banking sector, serves as backdrop for this paper as it examines the corporate strategies by which HSBC Holdings plc, one of the worl d's largest banking and financial services organisations, can emerge a winner through the use of appropriate models and tools of analysis. HSBC Holdings plc is the mother company of a wide array of banks and financial institutions that include the HSBC plc in UK; the Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corp. Ltd. and Hang Seng Bank Ltd. in Hong Kong; HSBC Finance in France; the Household International and HSBC Bank USA NA in the US; HSBC Bank in Brazil; Grupo Financiero HSBC in Mexico; and the HSBC Private Banking Holding (Suisse) SA in UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Monaco, Luxembourg, Singapore and Channel Islands. The Group's corporate strategy finds expression in the marketing pitch attached to its logo that proclaims HSBC as "the world's local bank." This campaign to differentiate the HSBC brand was launched in 1999 and started to guide all banking operations in 2005. The strategy projects HSBC as a financing institution with an international pedigree and world-class expertise, which sophistication is nonetheless used for the full benefit of the smallest local clients and their communities. In effect, the HSBC based its strat egy not only on product leadership and operational excellence but also on customer intimacy, the three value disciplines that drive corporate strategy (Green, 2003). That sort of makes the Group a high-street bank that serves low-end clients as a matter of preference. The banking clientele composed of ordinary people is a market segment usually identified in an RFM analysis to formulate a firm's corporate strategy. RFM stands for recency, frequency and monetary value and is often conducted to analyse customer behaviours and define market segments. In essence, RFM analysis asks how recent and frequent are the transactions done for a particular

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay - 1

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous world culture - Essay Example With the use of the Internet, multi-national businesses are giving tough time to the local business in the Eastern countries. However, the reality is much more different than this argument. The local businesses in these parts of world do not face much commerce problems with the emergence of the Internet instead they are getting more benefits. Some believe that the Eastern youth culture is being negatively affected by the onslaught of the Westernization. The Eastern youth adopts the Western life styles. However, the core cultural values and beliefs in any of Eastern culture have maintained their inbuilt structure and existence in its original shape. This fact can be validated by the fact the religion of Islam, which represents a major segment of culture prevalent in the Eastern societies, is the fastest growing religion in the world. In the subsequent parts of this paper, first the notion of Westernization and the Internet have been included to provide the basic understanding about th e Westernization and the use of Internet to promote the western values. Subsequent to that, a part describing the Internet and Business is mentioned to highlight the impacts of the Internet in the local and international business context. Before the conclusion, the Internet, Westernization and youth culture part has been included to differentiate between the impacts of the westernization and the actual youth culture values and norms. Globalization has often been used as a substitute for (i) internationalization; (ii) universalization; (iii) liberalization; (iv) Westernization; (v) deterritorialization (Scholte 2005). He contends that the first four uses remain unsatisfactory mainly because they fail to provide anything novel about the current era. The concept of cultural invasion is based on the notion that the infiltration of Western values into the Eastern societies. The Eastern societies do not have similar culture,

Homework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework - Research Paper Example Innovation also calls for employment of qualified personnel, who brainstorm to come up with better products and ensuring excellent services to consumers. Companies achieve innovation through creation of new goods or services that disrupt consumers buying patterns or through incremental improvements on the existing products thereby increasing their life. This paper discusses the crucial role balanced scorecard plays in communicating organisation strategies and hence achieving innovation and competitive advantage over other companies. ... et targets and get above it Every two weeks Operations metrics It establish whether operations are flowing as scheduled and avoid last minute surprises on orders Every day Learning and growth (Employees) perspective Employees satisfaction Evaluate employees to establish their level of satisfaction Every month Employees turnover or retention Get a report from HR of recruitments and exits of employees Every six months Level of organisation capability Empowering employees through training and encouraging them to further their education improves an organisations capability Make it a policy for employees to engage in learning activities Nature of organisation culture or climate Enables employees to coexist harmoniously with one another, create a satisfied team, and motivated team Maintain a motivated team Technological innovation Reward employees for invention of new products and introducing new ideas Every time it happens A balanced scorecard is the face value of an organization that con nects strategic objectives to one another. According to balanced scorecard institute website, â€Å"A balanced scorecard identifies the connection between creative capacity, efficient product development processes, improved customer and stakeholder value, and financial outcomes† (â€Å"Balanced scorecard institute,† 2000.) The above score card incorporates the mission and vision statements of a company, which form part of the strategic objectives. A vision statement of a company explains the reason for being. It inspires people to achieve more that they actually thought possible, allows stretching of resources to increase profitability, and unite employees towards a common goal. A vision statement forms the foundation of an organization values and influences its strengths and weaknesses. On

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Essay

Executive Brief on Strategic Planning for a Military Base for Homeland Security Class - Essay Example to wane over time, supporting Erik Auf der Heide when he declared that â€Å"interest in disaster preparedness is proportional to the recency and magnitude of the last disaster.† (p. 3) such public attitude has been crucial in national policymaking that determines America’s preparedness for terrorist attacks. When the 9/11 disaster occurred, the public and the government were finally seized with the realization of how important it is to address the issue. This did not come, however, without a price. Hundreds of Americans lost their lives and the impact of the crumbling Twin Towers sent ripples not only economically but also in the psyche of America as a nation. Scholars point to tragedies such as the 9/11 as some catalyst that spur the public and authorities into action. They become opportunities in order to improve the emergency response capability in America. Immediately after the 9/11 incident, the FBI Academy Handbook stressed that in addition to improving capabilit y, there is now a need for an active municipal and citizen involvement to fight terrorism. It stressed that these stakeholders are the in the frontlines in the on-going battle, being the first to be affected and the first to respond in cases of terrorist attacks. (IBP 2002, p. 48) For this purpose, there is now a concerted effort to improve municipal capabilities and resources to address the terrorist problem. The Office of the Homeland Security leads these efforts. This brief outlines the program that has been set in place in Carroll County as part of its role in the national strategy for terrorist threat preparedness. One of the most important of the county’s goal is to ensure that the Fire and EMS departments are integrated and coordinated to effectively carry out the responsibilities assigned by Homeland Security. Currently, the EMS and the fire departments in Carroll County work in a loosely coordinated system and mostly staffed by volunteers. The landscape is a primarily a consequence of

Gender criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender criticism - Essay Example Throughout the novel, disparities in gender roles emerge whereby the author depicts male characters as the superior sex compared to their female counterparts. Advancing this perception are traditions entrenched within the Victorian era, which influenced the author’s perception of gender. According to the author, females adulated the males regarding them as superior beings capable of making pivotal decisions despite females’ divergent perspectives. In addition, James’ description of females best exemplified real life Victorian women; however, his description of his male characters contrasted that of Victorian males. The Victorian zeitgeist regarded women as proper, docile beings preoccupied with safeguarding their reputations. For example, despite the Governess’ infatuation with her employer, she refrained from acting on her emotions, as she stood to soil her reputation. Conversely, the male characters in the novel were far from being chivalrous or moral me n, as were Victorian men. The master of Bly did not concern himself with matters pertaining to the two children left under his charge whereby he opted to hire governesses to take care of the children, as he engaged in selfish pursuits. In addition, a conversation between Mrs. Grose and the Governess revealed that an employee named Quint was sexually promiscuous, a behavior shunned by Victorian males. The author best exemplified disparities in gender roles through the Governess’s treatment of the children. She expects Flora to be courteous, flawless and conscious about her behaviors. However, she is less critical of Miles’ behaviors bordering on the extent that she encourages him to be a little naughty (James 12- 15). In addition, Miles takes offence when the Governess presumes to compare him to his little sister. He remarked: An analysis of the main female characters shows that there exist generational differences among the women, which were

Implementations of Customer Relations Management System by Royal Mint Essay

Implementations of Customer Relations Management System by Royal Mint - Essay Example The Royal Mint Company requires a CRM system to facilitate the management of marketing information. The company will effectively acquire customer information and process it within the CRM system’s database to make marketing decisions and plans in addition to the evaluation of the impact of the company’s marketing endeavours. In implementing a Customer Relations Management system, Royal Mint stands to gain several benefits including better quality services and increased efficiency. CRM also helps to ensure reduced operational costs, increased profitability, and decision making support. The system leads to customer intimacy and thereby ensures the retention of existing customers. However, in the use of data stored in CRM, Royal Mint has to ensure the security of such data. This is because the use of such data could lead to ethical and legal issues. Access of such data has to be restricted as well as the transfer controlled. Introduction Romano and Fjermestad (2003, p. 233 ) define Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as the process of managing the interactive relationship of a business organization or a company with its customers. CRM is usually automated and applies technology to foster communication between a company and its clients. CRM therefore uses information systems which include computer application software which facilitate communication and interaction between a company and customers who are the major stakeholders of business functions and thus determine the success of the business. The composition of a CRM system is basically made of the hardware and software elements, the people who are involves, processes, procedures and policies which govern the application of the system to realize the goals of the business (Schierholz, Kolbe and Brenner 2007, p. 830). The benefits of CRM include increased profitability, better customer relations and higher quality products. The paper discusses the elements of a CRM system, its benefits and the ethic al issues involved in the use of the CRM system with a special relation on the Royal Mint Marketing strategy. Elements of CRM System According to Mandic (2011, p. 347), information technology is the major element of a CRM system because it is through these computer systems that companies are enabled to effectively communicate with their customer. The Royal Mint which is England’s legal entity which is authorized to mint or manufacture coins and medals has invested in information technology as the most appropriate way of facilitating interaction with its customers as described by Boulton (2011, p. 48). The marketing strategies of the company apply information systems to manage its customer base and enhance communication between the company and these clients. However the company has not utilized CRM system in making marketing decisions. Information technology in making marketing decisions is used to facilitate the management of customer information for marketing reasons. In a C RM system analytical tools and computer systems are used to gather client information and use it to make marketing decisions. Therefore the Royal Mint should apply information technology to maintain a database of its customers and also facilitate the interaction with its market. The use of CRM in marketing includes displaying the company’s products on the internet which can be accessed by the clients through creation of user accounts through the company’

The Price of Peace Essay Example for Free

The Price of Peace Essay I saw some children playing in our neighborhood the other day and the simplicity of how they lived their life amazed me. Here were two kids belonging to relatively the same age group; one had a Popsicle stick and the other had a pack of cookies. Now, I am sure both of them were quite curious as to what the other child had since they would look curiously at each other. Finally, after about a minute or so, the child with the pack of cookies approached the other child. At that point I wish I had the ability to speak the language of children because I have no idea what was said but when the child with the pack of cookies reached for the Popsicle, the other child simply gave him the liberty to taste it. What is even more astonishing is the fact that when the other child offered a cookie without any hesitations! Looking back at this, I would say it was a sublime experience for me. At that point, the world suddenly made sense to me. I thought to myself, â€Å"This is how life should be! † It’s simply living in utter understanding of your fellow man. I have no idea how the course of history shaped humanity into the beasts we are today. We put ourselves on a pedestal and think that our society has reached the pinnacle of success when in fact; we continue to spiral towards decadence. We have left a trail of war, violence, prejudice, and discrimination in our history and yet all we can say is that we have evolved into a more civil society! It is a false consciousness that has become the fabric of our world. Moreover, we have resorted to power and domination as tools to bring about what we refer to as â€Å"peace. † This is quite saddening but nonetheless, it is the reality we are faced with. As we grow and develop into the so called responsible individuals’ society demands, we continually lose the purity and simplicity we possessed as children. As we mature we become more jaded and as a result the lines of what is right or wrong blur before us. We lose touch of the most basic of values; that is to say, loving one another. A basic command left to us by Christ and the key to a utopian society. I came to realize that the world has been reduced to the tangible things; materials and objects have become what define a man. Consequently, it has also made us ego-centric. Our world has become about what I want and what I need†¦we have become apathetic to the plight of others and have been raised to be callous. We no longer have a sense of social equity or justice. As I reflect more on this, I become increasingly convinced that this is the root of all the chaos we have. No wonder we seek to engage in war and look to send our own people to foreign lands just to get slaughtered in the name of â€Å"democracy† and peace! You see peace may be an abstract thought to us simply because we have forgotten about how tangible it can be. It isn’t always about what makes us feel good or what benefits us. It’s about looking at a grander scheme wherein other people, regardless of color, race or creed become a part of who we are. This is a consciousness we must internalize and reintroduce into the fabric of society. Plato, Aristotle and Socrates spoke of this in varying degrees. It is about the common good. Not I but we. Looking back at the two children, it wasn’t about bartering or what one could get from the other. It was simply about understanding the needs of the other person. Applying this rudimentary ideology would be the key to a better society. What would I pay to achieve peace? Not millions in monetary value, not just because I don’t have this†¦well no one could actually put a price on peace. In the end, the price is simple; I would give-up my civil liberties in order for others live more comfortably. Quite a sacrifice, but it is a higher level of understanding we all have to achieve and one I would gladly pay in order to attain peace. After all, if everyone lived in this manner then establishing a world of peace would be child’s play so to speak!

Wonderland Hotel Quality Management Case Study Essay Example for Free

Wonderland Hotel Quality Management Case Study Essay John Chan, Wonderland Hotel’s general manager, has a major public relations problem related to a banquet for TC International that was a complete disaster. The Vice President of TC International is extremely disappointed and upset about the entire banquet. The Vice President felt that every aspect of the banquet from the cocktail reception, to the table setup and flowers, to the food and drinks, to the sound system and photographer were filled with problems and that the Wonderland Hotel had let TC International down badly. After speaking with internal and external players, John Chan discovered that a comedy of errors and miscommunications occurred to render the banquet a failure. First, the technical manager of the PA system was not given enough time to wire the tables because he had to wait for the hotel staff to clear the tables for them. The hotel services manager claimed that he was never told about the type of flowers TC International requested and that the technical group moved the flowers near a heat outlet, virtually destroying the flowers. The conference manager claimed a conference checklist was not supplied to him; therefore he was unaware of the need for video equipment. The head chef and waiter felt the entire evening schedule ran late and that they were both unable to produce adequate food and service due to delays caused by other vendors such as the electricians. Finally, the photographer claimed the conference manager had only booked him for half an hour at 10pm and that he had another booking shortly after. When the photographer arrived, TC International was still in the middle of the meal and the photographer had to leave to attend the other engagement. Had the photographer been aware of the situation, he could have arranged for a partner to stay later. The TC International banquet was a disaster due to lack of leadership, organization, and communication. Also contributing to the failure was a lack of accepting responsibility by the customers and suppliers involved. The external customer is TC International, who is paying a large fee to have a superior banquet executed by Wonderland Hotel. The external supplier is the photographer, who need to be kept informed about time changes in the event scheduling and who should have let the conference manager know of his time limitations due to other engagements. The internal suppliers are the technical manager, hotel services manager, conference manager, and the head chef and waiter. Each of the internal suppliers needs to have time scheduled appropriately to manage each individual responsibility. The internal suppliers each claimed to have been restricted by another internal supplier who infringed on the time each supplier needed to provide superior service. Due to lack of communication and leadership, each internal and external supplier was unaware of the overall affect of time delays and therefore no action was taken to correct the long line of mistakes that contributed to the banquet failure. To prevent similar disasters from occurring in the future, Wonderland Hotel should formulate a Total Quality Management (TQM) strategy. TQM is a management strategy in which an awareness of quality is known in all organizational processes that will lead to increased customer satisfaction (wikipedia, 2007). A key component of TQM is that there is an accountability standard in which every player in the organization holds and understands responsibility to do their part in attaining superior customer satisfaction. In Wonderland Hotel’s case, internal suppliers would understand the need to step up and efficiently organize large events. Each supplier would understand the need for timely delivery of services and quality that would ensure event success. Through increased communication, external suppliers and customers would be educated in their own responsibilities to make the event run smoothly. For example, TC International would be help accountable for communicating all their needs and desires for the event and the photographer would be expected to be available even in the event of a delay in the schedule. All event customers and suppliers would feel a sense of inward responsibility to make the event a success instead of focusing external blame for any problems that occur. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Quality_Management

Assessing the Sainsburys customer perceived value

Assessing the Sainsburys customer perceived value The Food retailing Industry is a huge and fast growing industry in UK .It is a complex and diverse market dominated by various big companies such as Tesco, ASDA, J Sainsburys. Price and quality of goods are the two key elements which the companies keep in mind to increase their sales and defend their position in this competitive market. In the year 2009, food retailing recorded sales figures of GBP 297,478.9 million, along with providing employment to 11.6% of the workforce in UK (Euro monitor). It is forecasted, by the year 2014 the sales would cross GBP 350,000 million. (Euro monitor) This assignment focuses on the third largest food retailer store in UK, i.e. J Sainsbury. Sainsbury is a super market which will operates its business in retail sector from the year 1869. Sainsbury is started by James and Mary Ann Sainsburys. Sainsbury today operates a total of 827 stores comprising 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores(J Sainsbury 2010) .With their presence in various other markets such as financial services and Property management, grocery retailing remains their core business. In an industry which employs over 3,335,000 people and with sales figure of GBP 137,590 million (Euro Monitor), Sainsbury enjoys a market share of 16% and serving 19 million customers weekly with a product offering of 30,000.( J Sainsbury 2010) QUESTION-1 Using suitable models identify the customer perceived value for the customers for a product/division/company of your choice. ANSWER- PART 1 Customer value Difference between what a  customers  gets from a  product, and what he or she has to give in  order  to get it. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer-value.html#ixzz16OyFiRFr Customer value proposition A  business  or marketing statement that summarizes why a consumer should  buy a product or use a service. This statement should convince a potential consumer that  one particular  product or service will add more  value or better solve a problem than other similar offerings. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/valueproposition.asp Types of CVP 1. All Benefits- benefits that an organization brings to its target customers. It tends to suffer from a lack of credibility when the value proposition is not distinguished from competitors or focused precisely on the unique needs of the customer. 2. Favourable Points of Differentiation- it mainly emphasizes the key differences between a firms offerings and those of competitors at the customer interface. It takes into account the notion that the buyer has substitutes. Like the all benefits value proposition it lacks specificity relative to the buyer. 3. Resonating Focus- Resonating focus highlights one or two critical differences between the firms offerings and those of competitors with the forethought that these differences represent those areas that are most vital in the mind of the customer. While most effective, this value proposition takes considerable time to develop as it is strongly rooted in a deep understanding of customer needs. http://www.edbarrows.com/Resources/briefs/valueProposition.pdf IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER VALUE   A good customer value proposition is a technique why a customer should buy a product and also distinguish your product from competitors. Gaining a customers attention will help in growing sales faster and more profitable, as well as increasing its market share. Understanding customer needs is important because it helps promote the product. A brand is the perception of a product or service that is designed to stay in the minds of targeted consumers. It is desirable to build a strong and positive brand association with your offering. Three key dimensions: Extrinsic vs. intrinsic value Self-orientated vs. other-orientated value Active vs. reactive value PART 2 VALUE PROPOSITION FOR SAINSBURY Sainsbury maintain high quality of its services by keeping up high quality product at a fair price, through well-kept rooms with an attractive appearance to fast service and a friendly staff. Sainsbury ensures that all suppliers have been evaluated by Quality Attribute System (QAS) in order to provide quality product to the customer. It has different prices which are suited to different kinds of customer. Through the execution of high quality product Sainsbury has high price. However to adjust to the needs of less wealthy clients it also offers a wide selection of basic product at a low price. Sainsbury speed is moderately-high. Sainsbury team is trying to reduce queues through recent introduction of basket tills, self-checkouts as well as introduction of newest scan and pack system. Sainsbury also offers home delivery which can be obtained the very next day. Dependability is keeping a word to customers. Sainsbury provides customers quality product at a fair prices, fulfilling custom er expectation for fresh, safe, healthy and tasty food. Sainsbury respects environment by using environmentally friendly packaging. Queuing time is reasonable and deliveries are on time. Online Shopping at Sainsburys is also a great advantage. All the above provide a  high level of dependability  and are the reason why the Sainsburys brand remains on the market for 141 years, and this makes the Sainsbury differs from its competitors. Sainsbury started a new range taste the difference that aims to provide consumers desire to treat themselves at home, rather than spending money in buying expensive takeaways or eating outside. Sainsburys continuously investing in their clothing and home decor items to accelerate the growth in non-food sector so that they can reach to more customers so as to increase its market share and sales. (Euro monitor) Sainsburys continued launching innovate products, 1% fat milk was launched which was consumed by 2.5 million households due to which its sales for basics were up by 60%. (Euro monitor) QUESTION 2 Critically evaluating value proposition of Sainsburys VALUE PROPOSITION Sainsbury supermarkets follow the mission of being the customers first choice by its service and quality. Through the method of working simpler, together and faster it delivers an outstanding good service and quality. Sainsbury accelerating its growth in non-food sector so as to reach more customers. Online facility provides its customers to shop online for non-food items also. The company has a solid brand value although discriminating competitive advantage is clearly missing. From a customer point of view it is difficult to slot them in a specific category. The company is not able to create a good market which will make them distinguish from other supermarkets with concerns to price, quality, customer service and access to variety or inventory. Sainsburys was critized by the city for allowing Tesco in getting ahead in the market in terms of customer service, loyalty and price competitiveness. Sainsburys was also criminated for not promoting itself up to its standards and also running the same type of initiatives which was running by Tesco. So the Sainsbury has failed to promote its products and services. In the process to reconstruct its mission, company has changed its marketing strategy and sold successfully the home based products in the chain of UK market and its business in Egypt. This changes the company to focus on food retailing and related activities. Sainsbury maintains 100% service level as the online business is growing rapidly. Even so, there are some issue that need to be developed for example; delivering orders in full and on time. The online business is developing at a rapid speed gaining growth in overall market. During hectic periods picking large orders from stores could become an issue. (http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf) MARKETING MIX The marketing mix used by Sainsbury to gain its competitive advantage in its retailing sector -. Product Sainsburys mainly focused in developing new product and its food quality which will be healthier to the customers. It provides more than 350 variety range of foods product which is produced to protect its natural flavour and taste of the product. Currently it has achieved to developed more than 600 organic lines to provide best range of food and major growth in groceries, bakery, and frozen foods. It has also launched a product called Blue carrot Calf known for the clear labelling of kid products which mention clear details of the products. The Sainsburys continuously concentrating on development of its product by launching a new programme every year. Price Price is the important component of the marketing mix for Sainsburys. Now a day Sainsburys is presenting its customers in UK the value for money. A lot of investment is made in improving quality and productivity in order to reduce the overall cost. For the customers in UK Sainsbury is offering, exceptional value for the money and the aim of the company is to lead the quality and become the favoured in term for the customers all through the market. If the price is cut it is not easy to get back again to the previous level without dissatisfying the customer. This is not decent for the business. Hence in short term price gain the store will be less affected where as in long term it would gain less positive. Sainsbury implemented a new strategy value for money after realising its price war in the market. A lot of investment is made in improving quality and productivity what it provides and efficiency of its activity in order to reduce the overall cost. The purpose of implementing a new s trategy is to achieve trust and value from the customer and continue its leadership. Promotion    Sainsbury gain to build up its solid brand image among the customers through various promotions. It mainly focuses on its own brand rather than the promoting other brands which they sell in the stores to form the greater wealth by its overall retail brand. Sainsbury uses different media for its promotion whereas TV, radio and advertising in cinemas to grow the company image. Sales promotions, merchandising and packing are also the key element for the promotion of the Sainsbury. Sainsbury launched Nectar Card as a main weapon for its promotion. This card is free for customers and gives discount points if customer used it in store at the time of shopping. Many other retailers are also using same type of promotions by issuing the card to customers and giving them free points for their money as these free points can be used automatically for discounts. Sainsbury store staff wears named T-shirt of the supermarket to defer as a worker to serve people. Place As per the Sainsbury it has 872 stores across UK whereas 837 super markets and 335 convenience stores. Various set up of stores are established across the country according to the needs and satisfaction of the customers and area. Sum stores are opened 24 hours a day for the satisfaction of the customers. Sainsbury is making large chain stores in different locations to create a world class distribution of groceries and work more effectively. Conclusion- Here we can see that Sainsbury always use the market mix to develop and implement its strategies by using the market mix. It satisfies the customers by improving the strategies which meet the needs of the customer. It always research on the market to know the interest of a customer who is able to buy its products. It continues to implement the market segmentation to develop its business strategies which shows the development of a business. Sainsbury use the market segmentation to display large variety of products and sell to deferent groups and to achieve large amount of sales overall. It offers a large number of products in a convenient location and opens the store for long hours. It also encourages the customers by easy cash options through debit card and credit card. It also offers the cash back facility to the customers on their purchases.   http://katamaneni12.blogspot.com/2010/09/macro-environment-and-marketing-mix.html Competitor Analysis TESCO- Competitor Company Profile Tesco is started by Jack Cohen in 1919. Tesco is biggest food retailer in the world, having 2318 stores and giving employment to more than 470000 people who serve millions of customer around the world. Tesco has a largest market in UK, where it operates under signs of Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. Tesco offers more than 40000 products to customers including clothing and other non-food lines. Tesco vs. Sainsburys TESCO MISSION TESCO is to provide superior technical representation and to add value to a focused group of leading-edge, corporations by offering synergistic, valuable and highly innovate solutions for our customer design, procurement and manufacturing needs with continuous improvement of our quality, service and productivity to a completive advantage. TESCO VISSION What sets TESCO apart from other distributors is our commitment to customers success, by bringing an in-depth knowledge of their technology and the value added services needed to truly support the customer. The result is cost-efficient, rapidly delivered technical superior products that the customers take pride in. (http://www.tescoinc.co.kr/tesco/ecompany1.php) MISSION STATEMENT Sainsburys mission statement Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for food, delivering products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. Source: Sainsbury Web site Sainsburys companys vision for growth Sainsbury plcs present focus is to improve the performance of the core UK supermarket chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Through implementing Managing for Value we will stretch our ambitions and challenge the conventional wisdom within the Company, thereby unlocking our potential and delivering value. Source: Sainsbury Web site DIFFERENCE STRATEGIES SAINSBURY STRATEGY: Sainsbury aims to provide quality products and good service at a competitive price through working faster, simpler, together and aimed to be the consumer first choice for food. Through a balance in sales growth, reduction cost and on-going margin improvements, Sainsbury look forward to progress growth. The company is dedicated to achieving industry leading margins within a dynamic, competitive market and to delivering strong double digit necessary profit growth in each year of its business programme. TESCO STRATEGY: Tesco has made a good progress with its strategy which consists of five elements reflecting its four established areas of motivation and Tescos long term promises on environment and community. The ideas of the strategy are: To be a successful international retailer To develop the core UK business To be as strong in non-food as in food. To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com To put community at the heart of what we do. The market share of Tesco is 31.6% in the retail market and they also capture 50% of the grocery market share while Sainsbury has 16% and 22% of the market share respectively. Tesco sells massive products range and buy in big volume and sell it in cheap while Sainsbury buys product that are popular and their own branded product. 1/3 of the retail market is acquired by Tesco but Sainsbury is enabling to have this power. Tesco achieved its success by selling varieties of products; it is located within UK as well as overseas, they target every people. With this strategy Sainsburys have a difficult to keep up with Tesco. Sainsburys generally attract the middle class people with low class prices whereas Tesco attract all kind of people from all classes. Sainsburys is more concerned about the quality of the food they provide their customers while Tesco is concerned about reducing prices to attract their customers. Tescos main advertising approach is money saving Every little help and Sainsburys Taste the difference however during the crisis time they are one of the same. Sainsburys slip its second position in 2008, losing to Asda. Leader Tesco enlarged its market share in the year, moving ahead of Sainsburys. Sainsburys has less variety of non-food items as compared to Tesco. At the end of the evaluation period, non-food items were the reason for growth for the major supermarkets. ( http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf) MANAGEMENT Sainsbury CEO Justin king has done a great job in strengthening the brand, improved turnover at a rate of 5.5% a year and profit increases by 6.7%. king main focus was on UK store expansion rather than overseas and total number of store has been increased from 583 in 2004 to 827 today. Tesco CEO Sir Terry Leahy has different approach as compare to Sainsburys CEO Justin King. In his fourteen year term he has heavily invested in overseas expansion. In 1999, within UK Tesco generated 90% of its turnover and now its less than 70%. GROWTH POTENTIAL Tesco has its setups in 14 countries but that doesnt mean Sainsburys lack growth opportunities. Sainsburys results in past years in the proof of this and continuing achieving high growth rate without international expansions. To exist in this competitive market Sainsburys has done well by opening new stores across UK, adding new non-food products and banking services to existing stores. Tesco on the other hand, have more growth opportunities in Asia and other countries. Tesco is a big player than Sainsburys, for example: if we compare past twelve months results Tesco has  £56.9 billion turnover versus Sainsburys  £19.9 billion. (http://www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/company-comment/2010/07/16/a-foolish-fracas-sainsbury-vs-tesco.aspx) CUSTOMER OUTCOME AND EXPECTATION f Brand image and relationship building in a business to company market depends on how well company satisfies its customers. Sainsbury keep high quality of its services by providing high quality products to customers at a fair price. It has different prices which are suited to different kinds of customer. It provide basic product at low price to customer with low income. Sainsbury want to make it easier for customer to shop ethically and sustainably so they making every effort to live up to their expectations. Therefore from the above model, which explains between the company service and quality Sainsbury can be placed into high quality as well as service offered by the company and received by customers. Question 3 http://www.universityessays.com/example-essays/global-markets-sainsburys.php Mission statement serves a dual purpose by helping employees to remain dedicated on jobs as well as boosting them to find innovative ways of achieving company objectives so that productivity can be increased. It is common that large companies spend years and millions of dollars developing and refining their mission statement. NEW MISSION STATEMENT OF SAINSBURYS To become the UK best retailer company and earn customer lifetime reliability. NEW VISSION STATEMENT OF SAINSBURYS NEW VALUE PROPOSITION Source: Barnes, C. et. al., 2009 Creating and Delivering your value proposition p 31 Market: Sainsbury already caters to the middle class customers by providing products at affordable prices, but since Sainsbury maintains high quality amongst its products, the cost somewhat becomes high (in a comparative sense to its competitors). Sainsbury needs to provide these products at a more reasonable price to cater to the working class as well and thereby expand its existing customer base. Value experience: Benefits should include high quality at reasonable price. To reduce the travel costs Sainsbury needs to focus on locations of its stores so that they are effortlessly within the reach of its customers. Online sales should also be made easy. Complaints should be minimised by providing a good after sales service and monitoring customer feedback. Offerings: Place should include a focus on central locations. Product should include highest possible quality at affordable prices, new and innovative products could also be introduced to increase sales. Since the financial downturn of 2008 had drastic effects on the economy, consumers are trying to save as much as possible hence Sainsbury needs to keep the prices of its products as low as possible. Promotion should involve promotion of sales through discount vouchers or limited offers (e.g. buy 2 get 1 free) and continuous advertising through all available media types. Benefits: products need to be provided at the lowest possible price maintaining high quality. Constant customer feedback should be facilitated in order to keep track of its customers satisfaction. Alternatives and differentiation: Since Sainsbury focuses on quality more than the price of its products. The quality of Sainsburys products is higher than most of its competitors, but this phenomenon is not the same when it comes to price. Sainsbury needs to balance between its price and quality since its competitors such as Tesco are providing products at a lower price that is offered by Sainsbury. Proof: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN By using Ansoff Matrix tool for strategic marketing planning help to improve the position of J. Sainsbury. It accelerate to do best strategic direction depending upon the need/desire to penetrate existing or new markets with existing or new products. (http://www.emp.ac.uk/linspdfs/marketi2.pdf) If Sainsbury need to reconstruct their values, strengths and beliefs they need to split up their position in the existing market. They facing extreme competition in the real market they must innovate and improvise in new markets with their existing product offering. Partnership is a necessity in the domestic market since this is the basis of the business and its primary values. It will help the Sainsbury to rebuild its image and the connection with existing customer by confirming them the best quality, best product offers at competitive pricing. Sainsburys need to improve in its Information Technology system so that information can be processed faster and stocks can be reloaded at a faster pace. The shelfs are always stocked well and the customers keep getting informed about the available varieties. All these hard work make the shopping experience enjoyable and satisfying for the customers. As the world faced recession almost globally, Sainsbury should avoid price related conflicts and must follow specific price strategy. Since customer will not be willing to pay high prices even for the best quality products hence low pricing should be planned for the quality product. Identify problems and in time solving them as quickly as possible so that they build strong communication at every step of the channel. To introduce some products this will give a comparative advantage over their rivals. Sainsbury should open local stores in the city rather than on the outskirts of the city. Customer generally chooses to purchase in local shop rather than supermarkets to save time and money. Introduction of pay point or post office to the store would be a good idea to attract customers. The customer immediately after purchase can pay their bills without wasting time to reach these places elsewhere in the city. Sainsburys need to increase its online shopping service in non-food items, so that customer can shop online more comfortably. I would recommend Sainsburys to deliver every little helps to make it a healthier place for shop. Use simple processes so that shopping is better for customers, simpler for staff and cheaper for Sainsburys.

Britney Spears’ Promotes Potentially Abusive Relationships in Her Song,

Britney Spears’ Promotes Potentially Abusive Relationships in Her Song, Baby, One More Time In her Top 10 hit ". . . Baby, One More Time," Britney Spears posits the song’s persona as a passive naà ¯f. Continual references to blindness and hitting metamorphose the song from a teen-targeted summer pop tune into ideology enslaving young women into dangerous, constrictive views of relationships--and themselves. Using feminist and Lacanian theory allows us to see the speaker’s entrance into the Symbolic and the problems thereof. The speaker rues over a terminated "love" affair. She (although arguable, this critic finds the speaker’s notion of and adherence to gender roles distinctly "female") supplicates for a "sign" of his (again, heterosexuality is an assumption made for the sake of discussion) persevering proclivity. This sign is to come in the form of a "hit." References to the speaker’s death ("killing me") are frequent, as are other indications of mistreatment. The speaker begins addressing "baby," her lover. She claims ignorance of the troubled relationship, thus displaying her quiescent predisposition: "how was I supposed to know / that somethin’ wasn’t right here." Because of her passivity, she appears as an innocent victim. The poor, helpless speaker is not to be blamed for anything. One might picture a little girl shrugging her shoulders and asking, "what could I do?" when caught eating a whole cake. This denial of responsibility is commonly seen on The Jerry Springer Show when someone maintains, "I didn’t mean to have an affair. It just happened." Placing the locus of control outside oneself causes one to naturally become a victim. Yet the speaker seems apprehensive in her inveterate paralyzed role. She pro... ...song might create? By attempting to erase the "hit me," someone tried to cover up the overtones of violence. Yet simply changing the title cannot efface the masochism and vapidity of the song’s speaker. The speaker’s complete yield of self to a potentially abusive lover is deleterious for teens still forming an identity, especially those seeking guidance and advice about sexual relationships. The effects of Spears’ song remain to be seen; yet this critic feels that the message sent is a harrowing one. The speaker’s recognition of self-worth cannot eventuate too quickly. Works Cited Haywood, Susan. Key Concepts in Cinema Studies. Routledge: London, 1996. Spears, Britney. ". . . Baby, One More Time." . . .Baby, One More Time. Audio CD. BMG: 1999. Works Consulted Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. Tavistock: London, 1977.

Social Norms :: Sociology

Lately the concept of social norms, common rules of behaviors, has engaged the interest of a numerous philosophers, who are concerned with understanding the rational actors’ behavior. Kennedy and Brown addresses the concern from different aspects, they are mutually disturbed by the same social norm questions, specifically in the theory of human behavior development that is significant to the construction of legal institutions. In their endeavor to account for social norms they both argue that Human Rights pose challenges for politics. This is far from absolute, Human Rights in a way, present difficulties to politics but it is in fact social norms which pose the most critical problem for politics. At the same time social norms seem to decipher the complications of human rights; they construct a particular problem for politics because they appear to manipulate laws that govern social norms for their own personal use. Theorist challenge the thinking of these such norm compliances to explain a principle that people always act in their own self-interest, to maximize the greediness of their social power. Moreover, Human Rights in this situation are described at presents as a mutual exploited problem. Such as â€Å"institutional practice of human rights promotion propagates an unduly abstract idea about people, politics and society (Kennedy p111).† Because of these general expectations, politics can simply construct this space of lawlessness to circumvent and established social norm traditions. The avoiding of certain taboo like deploying nuclear weapons or tripping the waiters falls into this complicity that society follows. This brings up the rational choice of individualâ €™s actions. Which is why social norms would sanction governments or people for violating this paradigm of â€Å"language may well establish our legitimacy within a legal framework (Butler p25)† and the â€Å"particular vocabulary (Kennedy p111),† something we know occurs regularly in Human Rights language to be used to create this lawlessness that pose problems for politics. The eruption of criticism to politics that violation Human Rights language is rapidly eclipsed by potential threats of counsel to â€Å"problems of intellectual dishonesty (Brown p461)† which invokes norms instinctively to questions that transpires. In this context of challenging the expectations of rational political institution’s choice bring forth how social norm constrict and occasionally govern or deceive individuals. For example in the War on Terrorism and Guantanamo Bay, President Bush pushes for a preemptive strike as a legitimize sanction of Human Rights and social norms reactions for security.

Saturday Night and Rome,the Open City :: essays research papers

Italian neo realist cinema and British social realist cinema have some similarities in some ways. First of all we may say both of them breaks through dimensions for the individuals of their culture. They try to give tensions about the war. Both gives us a perspective to look at the cinema as a natural eye. The important thing is to able to look and see as Berger’s said. (John Berger _ Ways of Seeing) So I will try to give a brief story of two films from these fields. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saturday night and Sunday morning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rome Open City The most significant film of the 1960s British new wave in cinema, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning was in many ways the most influential of the group, with its powerful anti-establishment stance, unblushing treatment of sex and working class protagonist: Arthur Seaton was something new in British cinema. While other films of the period have dated somewhat, most of Reisz’s ground-breaking film looks as fresh and powerful as ever, and it's valid to observe just how good Albert Finney was in the role of Seaton†¦ Set in the gray industrial town of Nottingham, Alan Sillitoe's novel SATURDAY NIGHT AND SUNDAY MORNING, with all of its black realism, is successfully adapted to the screen with a powerful performance by Albert Finney in his first starring role. Director Karel Reisz draws on his work in documentaries to give the film a sharp eye for the look and feel of northern England. Arthur Seaton (Albert Finney) is a young man trapped in a mindless factory job, intrinsically r ebelling, but without any focus to his anger. He spends his Saturday nights getting drunk and his Sunday mornings fishing. His affair with a married neighbor, Brenda (Rachel Roberts), seems to please him only for its risky illicitness. Their love scenes are controversial for the palpable expression of real sexual pleasure that Roberts shows in the role of an ordinary English housewife, and because of the fact that she receives, from a handsome younger man, the sexual fulfillment that her husband can not provide. Arthur's best friend Bert (Norman Rossington) shares Arthur's resentment but avoids his self destructive ways. Arthur gets into increasing trouble when he impregnates Brenda (Rachel Roberts), the neglected wife of Arthur's mild-mannered co-worker Jack (Bryan Pringle). Abortions were illegal at the time, although often hinted at in British films. In the story that follows, we see this insolent rebel bluster his way through some of the formative experiences of his young adulthood.

Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today.

David Pattinson ‘Industrialisation, Imperialism and Globalisation: The World Economy since 1800’ Professor John Singleton Compare and contrast the response of economic policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis today. Essay 2 10/1/13 Word count: 2,299 The financial crisis that began in 2007-8 was the first time since the 1930’s that both the major European countries and the US had been involved in a financial crisis.com/financial-statements-2/">Financial StatementsIn comparison, the disastrous 1931 banking crisis involved countries that accounted for 55. 6 per cent of world GDP, whereas the banking crisis of 2007-8 only involved countries that accounted for 33. 5 per cent of world GDP. Though, all the key economic variables fell at a faster rate during the first year of the later crisis. Keynes had argued in 1931 that ‘there is a possibility that when this crisis is looked back upon by the economic historian of t he future it will be seen to mark one the major turning points. ’ Keynes was correct.As a result of the lessons that were learned, policy in response to the Great Financial Crisis has contrasted sharply with policy during the Great Depression era. I will examine how national policy responses and international co-operation have differed, as well as highlighting how in creating the Euro, policymakers have unwittingly replicated many of the structural weaknesses of the Gold Standard. I will also consider how policy in the recovery phase has so far compared to policy during the recovery from the Great Depression.The Great Depression was marked by bank failures. A total of 9,096 banks failed between 1930 and 1933 amounting to 2. 0% of GDP. Friedman and Schwartz highlight the failure to increase the money supply whilst liquidity was tight as the primary cause. Bordo and Landon-Lane provide econometric analysis using examiners’ reports on failed banks that support this argume nt. Epstein and Ferguson have suggested that Federal Reserve officials understood that monetary conditions were tight but believed that a contraction was a necessary corrective. The otion that governments should ‘let nature take its course’ formed a central pillar of the contemporary economic orthodoxy. However, other economic historians have pointed out that Federal officials believed that monetary policy was actually loose, due to them conflating low nominal interest rates with low real interest rates (which were high as a result of deflation). Wicker argues that Federal Reserve officials feared that open market purchases would renew gold outflow by bring into question the Federal Reserve’s commitment to maintaining gold convertibility.When faced with a policy choice the Federal Reserve always opted to support the Gold Standard. Rather than shore up the battered banking system, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates during late 1931 and the winter of 1932-3 to protect the dollar from speculation in order to halt gold losses. Regardless of the deficiencies of Federal Reserve policy, the US entered the 1930’s with a poorly regulated banking system that was undercapitalised and based on unit banking. Calomiris and Mason argue that eventually, banking collapse would have been inevitable.In general, economists argue that the depth of the downturn is explained by the monetary shocks interacting with the dramatic falls in demand (that emanated from the collapse in investment and consumption). Loss of income and uncertain employment conditions combined to undermine consumer spending, whilst there was little incentive to invest while prices were falling. Deflation also increased the burden of existing debt. Fiscal policy did not fill the gap in demand as belief in the Gold Standard and balanced budgets prevailed.A coherent theoretical justification for expansionary fiscal policy was absent from the contemporary economic discourse. Expans ionary fiscal policy remained unused, even after states left the Gold Standard. In Europe, fears of inflation weighed heavy on the minds of policymakers. The dominant view in Washington was that over-production was responsible for the crisis. Consequently, the New Deal spending was funded by tax increases. Roosevelt concentrated on limiting competition, sharing work and promoting high wages in order to increase purchasing power.Cole and Ohanian argue that these policies undermined the recovery by raising real wages and unemployment. The consensus view is that, by subordinating monetary and fiscal policy towards maintaining gold parity, the Gold Standard transmitted the crisis to the rest of the world. The return to the Gold Standard, after the First World War, was unbalanced. Countries such as France and Belgium joined at exchange rates that were well below their 1913 levels which gave them a substantial competitive advantage. Conversely, after a deflationary squeeze, the UK re-join ed at its 1913 exchange rates, leaving the sterling over-valued.The US and France exasperated the problem, by sterilising (so not to inflate the money supply) the gold that they accumulated (sixty per cent of the world’s gold supply by 1928). The lack of reserves forced many countries into further deflation. The world economy could only be kept going by the US economy continuing to absorb imports and provide international lending to cover gold shortages. By 1928, the US proved unwilling to do the latter and was eventually unable to do the former. During the depression, this austerity debilitated economies and resulted in banking collapses, notably in Germany and Austria.In response to the systemic threat posed by the imminent German banking collapse, the nations in a position to offer assistance acted unilaterally. President Hoover proposed a one year moratorium on reparations and war debt. The French, furious at the lack of consultation opposed the measure, believing that th ey lost more than they gained. Instead, they made an offer of help to the Germans that attached political conditions that made it impossible for the Germans to accept. Ultimately, international co-operation proved impossible as states that were able to help were unwilling to risk their own privileged positions.Between 1929 and 1932, the volume of world trade fell by 25%, about half of which was due to higher trade barriers. The Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930 is often cited as the genesis of protectionist policies, but Irwin points out that the protectionist avalanche did not begin until the world financial crisis struck in 1931. Irwin locates the incipience of this round of protectionism in the ‘open economy trilemma’ which limits countries to choosing two of three objectives: a fixed exchange rate, an independent monetary policy, and open trade policies.In attempting to marry membership of the Gold Standard with independent monetary policy, policymakers adopted protectionist measures. Countries that maintained gold parity such as France and Switzerland used import quotas on 50-60% of their imports. Whereas, the Sterling block countries which allowed their currencies to devalue, only used import quotas on 5-10% of their imports. In the wake of the financial meltdown, policymakers in the US attempted significant banking reform with the Emergency Banking Act in 1933 followed by the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935. Deposit insurance was created, and it brought an end to bank runs.The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was formed to provide capital to banks. It was successful to the extent that it owned stock in nearly half of all commercial banks by March 1934. Investment and commercial banking were separated, though White has provided evidence that banks that engaged in both commercial and investment banking were better diversified and were less likely to fail than banks that specialised in just one area. Calomiris also sees the legislation as flawed, as it preserved unit banking, which was a major source of instability in the banking system.The Great Depression altered economic thinking and policy. Hannah and Temin argue that it led to an emphasis on correcting market failures through government intervention. Federal spending rose, and inter-state transfers became acceptable. Though, unlike the UK, there was no move to Keynesian demand management in the US. The Great Depression also left a legacy in terms of the macroeconomic trilemma. Controls on international capital movements remained with the return to pegged exchange rates under the Bretton Woods Agreement which allowed independent monetary policy.Economists such as Wray have seen the policy legacy of the Great Depression as having constrained the destabilising role played by finance. Moreover, it provided the framework for an unprecedented period of prosperity after the Second World War. In response to the Great Financial Crisis, policymakers have been largely cognisant of the lessons of the 1930’s. The Federal Reserve officials of the 1930’s argued that they could not increase credit by purchasing government securities as they were not eligible as collateral.In contrast, based on Bernanke’s view that banking collapse leads to a failure of the credit allocation mechanism, the Federal Reserve combining with the Treasury created a range of extensions to its discount window to encompass every kind of collateral in the hope of unblocking the credit markets. States co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity (double digits fractions of GDP in advanced economies). The Bank of England, the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve undertook large scale quantitative easing. Interest rates were reduced to almost zero in the US and Britain and to very low levels in Europe and elsewhere.Governments nationalised insolvent institutions deemed ‘too big to fail’ such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the United States, BNP Paribus in France and Northern Rock in Britain. Despite China’s minimal direct exposure to the financial crisis, its response to the downturn in demand has been sweeping. Focusing on developing infrastructure it undertook a stimulus package that amounted to 14% of GDP in 2008. Keen notes that the massive amount of government spending in 2010 meant that government debt was responsible for 12% of aggregate demand in contrast to only 1. % of aggregate demand between 1930 and 1932. Furthermore, unlike the 1930’s, governments have not tried to over-ride, the now much larger, automatic stabilisers. However, the experience of the 1930’s has not effectively militated upon the policy makers of the Eurozone, where a dramatic collapse in employment and living standards has mirrored the Great Depression. Like the Gold Standard, the Euro was unbalanced from its inception as the weaker economies joined at a relatively high rate of exchange on the premise of avoiding inflation.The gap in compe titiveness has widened due to Germany suppressing nominal wages much more effectively than the rest of the Eurozone. Easy credit provided to peripheral areas by German banks created markets for German exports and saddled those areas with debt. Monetary and fiscal policy has focused on creating an international currency to rival the dollar. Consequently, monetary policy has targeted inflation through low interest rates. As monetary policy is unitary, the peripheral economies are denied the opportunity to reflate their economies.Furthermore, unlike other major advanced economies since the crisis began, the Eurozone has required that Fiscal policy be placed under tight constraints via the Fiscal Stability Pact. The retrenching of the crisis on to sovereigns has exposed a central weakness of the Eurozone project. The ECB supports banks but lacks the power to support states. Similar to the deflation that was necessary under the Gold Standard, the peripheral economies of the Eurozone are locked into a mutually reinforcing cycle of debt and austerity.Having pursued national self-interest from the euro’s inception, Vines argues Germany is unwilling to provide the hegemonic leadership that its responsibilities in Europe require of it. Though, Lapavitas et al argue that abandoning fiscal discipline would be incompatible with the avowed aim of maintaining a currency that attempts to compete with the dollar. The value of the euro would probably fall, destroying the large Eurozone banks’ ability to operate internationally. If German policy has followed narrow self-interest to the detriment of others, it has not been alone. China has held down their exchange rates over a long period of time.It is widely estimated that Chinese currency is 30% to 40% overvalued. Martin Wolf of the Financial Times has asserted that Chinese interventions to keep the exchange rate down are tantamount analytically to trade protectionism. Judging by its reserves it has ‘†¦ kept its exchange rate down to a degree unmatched in economic history. ’ States have also been quick to ‘ring-fence’ assets in their own jurisdiction. For example, the fear of the imminent collapse of the Icelandic banks led UK supervisors to resort to using the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act to ring fence Icelandic bank assets in the UK.Claessens et al point out that in general, national interventions have been uncoordinated and driven by pure national interest. However, the major international banks have co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity into the system at various points. Moreover, protectionism has not been a feature of the current crisis in the way that it was during the great depression. Research has shown that only 2% of falls in world trade in 2008-9, can be attributed to trade barriers. This can be primarily attributed to the system of flexible exchange rates, the lessons learnt from the great depression and the system of trade rules ov erseen the WTO.As of yet following the great financial crisis, there has not been significant banking reform. Attempts at co-ordinated international regulation have proved difficult. The former governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King attributes this to the heightened awareness that global banks are global in life and national in death. The draft proposals for the Basel III accords put forward some significant reforms which were ultimately watered down. Key elements such as a mandatory countercyclical capital buffer were omitted from the final agreement.Although the accords raised the minimum capital requirements, they are still held by many economists to be too low. Attempts at reform including the Dodds-Frank Act have not addressed the problem of ‘Too Big to Fail Banks’ (whose size necessitates that they be bailed out in the event of insolvency due to the systemic risk that they pose). A situation of moral hazard thereby exists where banks know they can engage in a ny risky behaviour they like. If anything should go wrong they know they will be bailed out by the state.In summary, the response to the Great Financial Crisis has differed from the Great Depression as a result of the increased understanding of macroeconomics. The scale of the policy response to the Great Financial Crisis would have been unthinkable during the Great Depression era. Despite the unprecedented response, the economic crisis that began with the financial crisis in 2007-8 is far from over and many problems remain. In the advanced economies, growth has been weak and fears of a triple dip recession persist. The Great Depression precipitated a reappraisal of policy by policymakers and resulted in considerable changes in policy.This has not happened so far to the same extent in response to the Great Financial Crisis. Many of the policy mistakes of the Great Depression have been avoided. The challenge now is to construct a macroeconomic framework that can aid the recovery and eventually facilitate a new period of economic expansion. The change in policies as a result of the Great Depression had some success in this respect. Banking regulation proved inadequate prior to both crises. In response to the Great Financial Crisis, this has yet to be rectified. This time policymakers will have to tackle the issue of ‘too big to fail’ banks.In the Eurozone, Germany has taken on the role of both the US and France during the Great Depression by failing to shore up weaker areas and by pursuing policies to the detriment of everybody else. During the Great Depression, the most important factor in the recovery was the abandonment of the Gold Standard. The countries that devalued in 1931 performed much better than those who had continued with exchange controls. The cost of reverting back to a national currency makes leaving the Euro and devaluing a less viable option for the Eurozone states. Bibliography Barrell, R. and Holland, D. ‘Monetary and Fisca l Responses to the Economic Downturn,’ National Institute Economic Review, No. 211, (Jan 2010) pp. 51-62. Bernanke, B. , ‘Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crises in the Propagation of the Great Depression,’ American Economic Review (June 1983), pp. 257-76. Bordo, M. and Landon-Lane, J. , ‘The banking panics in the United States in the 1930s: some lessons for today,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486–509. Calomiris, C. and Mason, J. , ‘Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression,’ American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 937–47.Calomiris, C. , Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks: Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed: 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth†¦ /calomiris-spring-11. pdf Claessens, S. , Dell’Ariccia, G. , Igan, D. , and Laeven, L. , ‘Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Fin ancial Crisis,’ IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010). Cole, H. and Ohanian, L. , ‘New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis,’ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000). Crafts, N. nd Fearon, P. , ‘Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 285–317. Epstein, G. , and Ferguson, T. , ‘Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial Conflict: The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932,’ Journal of Economic History (December 1984), pp. 957-83. Fishback, P. , ‘US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 385–413. Friedman, M. and Schwartz, A. , ‘A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960’ (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).Goldstein, M. , ‘Integ rating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the International Monetary System,’ Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011). Irwin, D. , ‘Trade Policy Disaster: Lessons from the 1930’s’ (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011). Kee, H. L. , Neagu, C. , and Nicita, A. , ‘Is Protectionism on the Rise? Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008,’ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5274, (2010). Keen, S. , Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010.Accessed: 16th December 2011. http://www. debtdeflation. com/blogs/2010/06/13/empirical-and-theoretical-reasons-why-the-gfc-is-not-behind-us/ Keynes, J. M. , ‘An Economic Analysis of Unemployment,’ From Q. Wright (ed. ), Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). Lapavitsas, C. , Kaltenbrunner, A. , Lindo, D. , Michell, J. , Painceira, J. P. , Pires, E. , Powell, J. , Stenfors, J. , and Teles, N. , ‘Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour,’ Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), pp. 321-373. Hannah, L. , and Temin, P. 2010), ‘Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 561–80 Helleiner, E. and Pagliari, S. , ‘The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda,’ International Organization, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), pp. 169–200 Vines, D. , ‘The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination,’ The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175. Vines, D. , ‘Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis,’ Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in he Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). Wheelock, D. , ‘Monet ary Policy in the Great Depression: What the Fed Did, and Why,’ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Vol. 74, No. 2, (March/April 1992) pp. 3-28. White, E. N. (1986), ‘Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks,’ Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, pp. 33–55. Wicker, E. , ‘Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933’ (Random House, 1966). Wolf, M. ,‘Why China’s Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us,’ Financial Times (8th of December 2009)Wray, L. R. , ‘The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach,’ Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 807–828. Yu, Y. , China’s Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. N. Crafts and P. Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 287 [ 2 ]. J. M. Keynes, ‘An Economic Analysis of Unemployment’, from Q. Wright (ed. , Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). [ 3 ]. C. Calomiris and J. Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 937–47 [ 4 ]. M. Friedman and A. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963) [ 5 ]. M. Bordo and J. Landon-Lane, The Banking Panics in the United States in the 1930s: Some Lessons for Today, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486–509 [ 6 ]. G. Epstein and T.Ferguson, Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial Conflict: The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932, Journal of Economic History (December 1984), pp. 95 7-83. [ 7 ]. P. Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), p. 394. [ 8 ]. E. Wicker, Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933, (Random House, 1966) [ 9 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, p. 292 [ 10 ]. Calomiris and Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, pp. 937–47 [ 11 ].Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 291-3 [ 12 ]. Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, pp. 401-5 [ 13 ]. Cole and Ohanian, New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000), p. 41. [ 14 ]. Ibid. pp. 294-5 [ 15 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 295 [ 16 ]. D. Irwin, Trade Policy Disaster: Lessons from the 1930’s, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011) Ch. 1 [ 17 ]. Ibid. , Ch. 4 [ 18 ].Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 304-5 [ 19 ]. E. White, Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, (1986), pp. 33–55. [ 20 ]. C. Calomiris, Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks: Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed: 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth†¦ /calomiris-spring-11. pdf [ 21 ]. L. Hannah and P. Temin, (2010), Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. , (2010), pp. 561–80 [ 22 ]. White, Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, pp. 33–55. [ 23 ]. L. Wray, The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: A Minskian Approach, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 813 [ 24 ]. Bernanke, B. , Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crises in the Propagation of the Great Depression, American Economic Review (June 1983), pp. 257-76. [ 25 ]. R. Barrell and D. Holland, Monetary and Fiscal Responses to the Economic Downturn, National Institute Economic Review, No. 211, (Jan 2010) p. 56 [ 26 ]. Y.Yu, China’s Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009) pp. 9-10 [ 27 ]. S. Keen, Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010. Accessed: 16th December 2011 [ 28 ]. C. Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), p. 367 [ 29 ]. D. Vines, Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis, Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in the Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). 30 ]. Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour, p. 367 [ 31 ]. D. Vines, The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination, The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175 [ 32 ]. M. Wolf, Why China’s Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us, Financial Times (8th of December 2009) [ 33 ]. S. Claessens et al, Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010) p. 16 [ 34 ]. L. Kee et al, Is Protectionism on the Rise?Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5274, (2010), p. 3 [ 35 ]. E. Helleiner and S. Pagliari, The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda, International Organization, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), p. 184 [ 36 ]. M. Goldstein, Integrating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the International Monetary System, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011), pp. 5-7. [ 37 ] . Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 311